The query filter component only supports queries as data, not tables. Tables could be a result from a query but are not the query themselves. Just like you can't feed the selected items from a table visualization to the query filter, you won't be able to link a table variable to the query filter.

The query filter its main output is a new query that contains extra filter nodes, when dealing with table variables, there's no query involved, so the query filter won't be able to expose a query. If you want to create filters for the table, you can create individual dropdown components which do support tables as data.